Kohlbergs Principles of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kohlbergs Principles of Ethics - Essay Example Lawrence Kohlberg was one of the main genuine masterminds to study and think about an individual's capacity to manage moral issues which could create in later life and furthermore whether instruction could influence that advancement (Source: Can Ethics Be Taught). Kohlberg built up a hypothesis of good thinking, which as indicated by him was the reason for moral conduct and has three significant levels split into six recognizable phases of good advancement as demonstrated as follows: The Stage 1 is a heteronomous direction concentrating on abstaining from disrupting guidelines that are supported by discipline, compliance for the good of its own and maintaining a strategic distance from the physical results of an activity to people and property (Source: Studies in moral turn of events and training). The Stage 2 direction centers around the instrumental, commonsense estimation of an activity. Correspondence is of the structure. The Golden Rule becomes, On the off chance that somebody hits you, you hit them back. Therefore one observes the guidelines just when it is to somebody's prompt advantages. What is correct is what's reasonable in the feeling of an equivalent trade, an arrangement, a concurrence with his (her) own advantage (Source: Studies in moral turn of events and instruction). At Stage 3 people know about shared emotions, understandings, and desires which take supremacy over individual interests. Thus they characterize what is directly as far as what is required by individuals near their own self, and as far as the stereotypic jobs that characterize being acceptable. In this manner being acceptable here methods keeping common connections, for example, trust, steadfastness, regard, and appreciation. The reasoning is that of neighborhood network or family. There is no thought of the summed up social framework (Source: Studies in moral turn of events and training). The Stage 4 movements center from characterizing what is directly as far as nearby standards and job desires to characterizing directly as far as the laws and standards set up by the bigger social framework. Along these lines characterizing one's social duties. One must comply with the law aside from in extraordinary cases in which the law collides with other endorsed social obligations. Complying with the law is viewed as vital so as to keep up the arrangement of laws which ensure everybody (Source: Studies in moral turn of events and training). While two phases have been referenced in the third significant level just one phase i.e., Stage 5, has gotten generous exact help. Stage 6 stays as a hypothetical endpoint which soundly follows from the former 5 phases. This level is known as the post customary level and is portrayed by thinking dependent on standards, utilizing a before society point of view. The person's explanation here depends on the standards which underlie rules and standards, yet dismiss a uniform utilization of a standard or standard (Source: Studies in moral turn of events and training). As indicated by Campbell and Bond (1982) Kohlberg's thoughts of good thinking, moral authenticity and profound quality depend on the reason that during childbirth all people are drained of ethics, morals and trustworthiness. Kohlberg recognized the family as first wellspring of qualities and good improvement for a person. As per the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy being straightforward or liberal is simply not an inclination to do what is straightforward or liberal, nor is it to be accommodatingly indicated as an attractive or ethically

Trade unions in the work place can only have a negative impact on Essay

Worker's organizations in the work spot can just negatively affect efficiency - Essay Example In 1932 when working class guys won the option to cast a ballot in Great Britain all the transformation began. Laborers shaped social orders and at the appropriate time it was called worker's organizations. The point of worker's organizations was to battle for better working conditions and better compensation thus changes were likewise brought to the working conditions, for example, 10 hour work days, kid work laws and required school. Accordingly, a worker's guild is an association which was shaped to advance and secure the interests of an assortment of laborers. Regularly it was discovered that the enthusiasm of the worker's guild and the organizations or plants had conflicts that bring about less profitability. This paper means to give data on how worker's guilds have affected efficiency. From the underlying phases of its arrangement worker's organizations are the laborers' delegate when settling on the wages or working conditions with bosses or potentially governments. The status of worker's organization changes for nation to nation or state to state. While in certain nations worker's organizations have considerable opportunity, from the privilege to Freedom of Association, to open showings and dynamic dissent against political rivals, for example, strikes, in different nations it is absolutely inverse. In these nations the worker's organizations are effectively smothered by political or military guidelines, with almost no opportunities. In addition, in these nations the possibility of viciousness or even demise is high. ... In each nation these associations are additionally partitioned into local people, and are frequently joined in national organizations. These alliances themselves will partner with Internationals, for example, the International Trade Union Confederation. Throughout the most recent couple of decades, worker's guilds have formed into various structures propagandize by varying political and financial systems. The fundamental points, targets and exercises of worker's guilds shift however overall can be arranged as follows: Worker's organizations in the good 'ol days, for example, the Friendly Societies, regularly offered various advantages to safeguard individuals against joblessness, sick wellbeing, mature age and burial service costs. Cordial Societies was shaped in 1881 under the Trade Union Act, the Registrar of Friendly Societies was in control for enrolling modern bodies just as worker's organizations in the province of New South Wales. Additionally, in many industrialized nations, these capacities have been taken up by the state. What's more, the arrangement of expert preparing, legitimate guidance, and portrayal for individuals despite everything stay among the fundamental advantages of worker's organization participation. The second and one of the most significant points of worker's organization is that they can work transparently, are lawful bodies and are perceived by managers, they may haggle with businesses over wages and working conditions. At the point when their requests are not met, worker's organizations may sort out strikes or protection from lockouts if their specific objectives are not concurred by the specialists. Worker's guilds may likewise urge enactment positive for the interests of their individuals or laborers in general. They may likewise go to the degree of

Industrial And Organizational Psychology Paper free essay sample

The field of modern and authoritative (I/O) brain research has been concentrated since the early stages of brain research itself (Spector, 2008). At the outset, I/O brain research was entirely worried about the mechanical side of the fieldâ€which focused on the administration parts of business and accentuated human resourcesâ€as restricted to the association side, which is worried about improving work conditions in the work environment. However, as the field has become throughout the years it has come to incorporate the full range of industry and association. Carefully, I/O brain science is characterized as, â€Å"†¦an applied field that is worried about the turn of events and use of logical standards to the workplace† (Spector, 2008, p. 5). On a viable level, the point of I/O brain science is to, â€Å"†¦improve the nature of the earth for workers just as to expand the viability and effectiveness of representative conduct in that environment† (Barnes-Holmes et. al. , 2006, p. 56). The compact definition and down to earth utilization of I/O brain research are just the capstone to a comprehension of the length and expansiveness of the field. We will compose a custom article test on Modern And Organizational Psychology Paper or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A full assessment of the advancement of I/O brain science just as a clarification of the job that exploration and insights play in I/O brain science are expected to frame the establishment on which the capstone is set. Advancement of I/O Psychology I/O brain research has its underlying foundations in the late 1800s and mid 1900s when early therapists were attempting to apply the speculations of brain research to the association of business (Spector, 2008). Two researchers are ascribed with the establishing work of I/O brain research: Huge Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scott. Both were college educators that had an enthusiasm for worker choice and the utilization of new mental tests to the subject of industry. Truth be told, two of I/O psychology’s essential books, The Theory of Advertising (1903) and Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (1913) were composed by Scott and Munsterberg, separately. The methodological subsequent stage past Scott and Munsterberg came in 1911 when Frederick Winslow Taylor built up his hypothesis of â€Å"Scientific Management†, which puts for a logical system for the overseeing of creation laborers on the processing plant line. The field of I/O brain science took a jump in innovative materialness when Frank Gilbreth, a designer, and Lillian Gilbreth, a therapists, joined the knowledgebase of their individual fields into one diverse hypothesis of human factorsâ€which is completely worried about the structure of innovation for use by individuals (Spector, 2008). Unexpectedly, it was the devastation of World War I (WWI) and World War II (WWII) that most encouraged the turn of events and pertinence of I/O brain science. During WWI a few therapists, drove by Robert Yerkes, delivered the Army Alpha and Army Beta gathering tests, which were intended to measure mental capacity as far as possible of appropriate unit arrangement. Before WWII the APA legitimate was not worried about the act of brain science in reality, however constrained itself to exploratory brain science. In any case, in 1944 Division 14 of Industrial and Business Psychology was framed inside the APA to address the requirement for a training side of I/O brain research. In 1970 Division 14 was rearranged as the APA Division of Industrial and Organization Psychology and is today alluded to as the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP). Over the previous century the field of I/O brain science has developed to incorporate work conditions and work satisfactionâ€the association side of the fieldâ€into the hypothetical and scholarly assortment of research that the field includes. For instance, the current hierarchical clarification of individual objectives and self-administrative exercises takes an integrative point of view, joining the individual, the social circumstance, and natural variables into one hypothetical system (Kanfer, 2005). Today I/O brain science is applied to both logical research in the lab and practice in the field to manage the issues and issues that influence organizations and associations of the day. Research and Statistics in I/O Psychology There are two principle settings in which I/O brain research happens: research and practice (Spector, 2008). The two settings enormously cover in reality, regular work of I/O analysts. The training division of I/O brain science applies mental standards to the workplace, business structure, and employing practices of enterprises and associations; while, the exploration division builds up the previously mentioned mental standards to be utilized in the act of I/O brain research. Regardless of the setting, I/O brain science uses the logical technique to decide the hidden mental standards and appropriate practices applicable to organizations and associations. Four ideas important to the extrapolation of the cientific strategy onto the topic of I/O brain science include: 1) the examination question; 2) investigate plan; 3) estimation and; 4) insights. An exploration question that is testable through the roads of the logical strategy must be explicit and as a rule incorporates exact hypothetical predications about the result of the researchâ€hypothesis. The incredible intensity of the logical technique gets through the control of free factors and ensuing perception of ward factors as far as possible of unwinding the effects of jumbling while at the same time disengaging causal and corresponded factors. The essential structure of research configuration can be invasiveâ€as on account of control groupsâ€or just observational in nature. The few kinds of research configuration comprise of: review plans (questionnaires)â€both cross-sectional and longitudinal, observational designsâ€both prominent and inconspicuous; and subjective examinations, which involve the utilization of non-quantitative information to prove mental standards.

How Online Will Writing Services Can Help You

How Online Will Writing Services Can Help YouWhen you are looking for quality writing to use in your online will, you should know that there are many online will writing services available on the internet. These online services allow their clients to write their online wills. All they ask is that you post your will online with your desired modifications.Online writing and editing services allow anyone to customize a will online. With such online services, you have all the information you need when making your online will, and the end result is flawless.Online writing and editing services have come a long way in recent years. Gone are the days of family members going to each other's relatives and asking for the approval of their will before it was posted online. This was a painful process and the search for the perfect wording was far from complete. That is until online writing and editing services came into play.You can rely on these services to put your will together with accurate s pelling and grammar. Many of the online will services allow their clients to include photos and drawings, as well as other relevant personal information about themselves. This information can be written just as you wrote it online, so it will always come out right.Simple changes to a will can be made easily. You might want to add a special thanks to the family or even to the dog that was with you at the time of your death. It's all up to you, and if you've had enough of life, you might want to add in some tears of sadness to make your will stand out. The more personal and touching the will you create, the more likely it will be accepted by the legal system.But, as you write your will, make sure you have these final touches added. Your friends and loved ones will be able to read it, and see how you've changed. It will make their last moments with you that much more precious, and the online will writing service will also offer advice to keep your will relevant. After all, the purpose of a will is to provide you and those who love you a peaceful and happy ending.You want to make sure that you get the final touches in place before you post your will online. Writing and editing services can make it easy for you to leave something behind you with your loved ones, and to have a legal place to put your thoughts of everlasting love. Online will writing services are available, and they are among the best out there.

Terrorism and International Relations Essay - 2047 Words

The immediacy and the primacy of any truly potent force is the ability to perpetuate itself. Sharp and energetic outbursts have their place, and can be known to have great effect-cataclysmic forces, despite their maximum destructive potential, are temporary in their total effects in relation to some absolute goal. In other words, they are generally limited in scope, and well defined in purpose; there is a tactical objective, which is usually consummated quickly. The more dreaded force creeps along, escalating incrementally, and while it may abide a strategic goal, or even a policy, it is generally open-ended. This sort of ambiguity I am referring to differs from the flexible tactical necessity in that strategic outcomes are very much†¦show more content†¦Differing accounts on either pole focus on al-Qaeda’s continued relevance as the premier terrorist network, whether it is any longer effective or not. From there, the natural conclusion comes around to asking how effe ctive al-Qaeda is, and by which mechanisms does it project that effectiveness. Aside from this, both parties agree that al-Qaeda has an uncanny habit of surviving in the turbulent international dialectic that spawned radical Muslim distress, vicariously. If anything is clear, al-Qaeda has a tremendous insulating capability. It is like a fungus that germinates through spores, reaching ever remoter places, ready to bloom when the conditions are right. While in reality it is probably not so simple, this is the crux of Sageman’s argument. Sageman contends that the current breed of al-Qaeda, in its â€Å"third wave†¦consists mostly of would-be terrorists, who†¦aspire to join the movement and the men they hail as heroes (emphasis added).† This new generation, riding the wave of Muslim condemnation of the Iraq War, in contrast to the previous two has, apart from the Iraq rage, neither the Mujahidin casus belli of the first generation, nor the expatriate marginaliza tion of the second. Rather, the â€Å"tolerant, virtual environment of the Internet offers them a semblance of unity and purpose. Theirs is a scattered, decentralized social structure—a leaderless jihad (emphasis added).† It is important to note the italics. The words are â€Å"social† andShow MoreRelatedTerrorism and Its Effects on International Relations5812 Words   |  24 PagesTerrorism and its Effects on International Relations Introduction Over the years there have been significant changes in how terrorism is carried out. With the changes in how terrorism is carried out there have also been dramatic changes in how countries counter terrorist attacks. The modifications in the way a country counters these terrorist attacks affects international relations of these countries. These issues bring about the question of how have counter terrorism methods affected internationalRead MoreImpact Of Terrorism On Contemporary International Relation1786 Words   |  8 Pagespoints each. Each response should Question 4: Define terrorism and put it into historical context. What are the principal features of contemporary terrorism and how does it differ from the past? Discuss with reference to processes of integration and fragmentation and post-modern warfare. Using at least one example from the course readings or your independent research, explain the impact of terrorism on contemporary international relation. Terrorism is a term the world hears more than we want to. ISISRead MoreThe Threat Of Terrorism And Its Impact On International Relations Essay2064 Words   |  9 Pagesgo about their international relations. A state with the ability to threaten force against other nations has a significant advantage over other states who do not have those same capabilities. Terrorism can be difficult to define, but the text attempts to specify terrorism from other acts of violence. The threat of terrorism is something that needs to be addressed by all nations. The ramifications of terrorism can be serious and can damage a nation in a multitude of ways. Terrorism and its ramificationsRead MoreWhy Canada Should Pursue And Combat All Potential Terrorists On A Global Scale1541 Words   |  7 Pagescombat terrorism in a way that minimizes harm. Throughout the following paper, I will summarize four contrasting responses to terrorism, included in a document adapted from Terrorism: How Should We Respond, o f the Choices Program at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University. I will then discuss why I believe Canada’s most effective response to terrorism would be a unique combination of Options Two and Four. I believe that Canada should embrace relations with theRead MoreLiberalism And The United Nations878 Words   |  4 Pagesprojection of how international relations ought to be; now, liberalism is a modern theory towards peace attained with a state’s ambition for dominance. â€Å"Self-interest† has two definitions in accordance to liberalism and realism. Liberalism considers the measure of power within states through stable economies, the possibility of peace and cooperation, as well as the concepts of political freedoms (human rights). Realism believes states are driven by competitive self-interest; international organizationsRead MorePakist Pakistan For Counter Terrorism And Sino Pak Cooperation825 Words   |  4 PagesPakis tan by virtue of its geographic location started its international collaborated in 1990s during the Afghan war. After the war ended, it had to face the post war consequences as a burden of more than 3 million Afghan refugees, ever growing drug trade in neighborhood as well as Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. Indeed the militia which fought against erstwhile USSR in Afghanistan was abruptly abandoned who found safe haven along Pakistan Afghan borders. After 9/11 the situationRead More Realism and the War on Terror Essay542 Words   |  3 Pages Realist thought on international relations fit comfortably within the context of the great wars of the twentieth century. Powerful nations possessing massive military forces took aim at one another to affect the hierarchical structure of the international system for the good of their own security and power. These wars, however, differ greatly from today’s unconventional war on terrorism. Therefore, the realist t heories of yesterday, while still useful, require at least some tweaking to fit the presentRead MoreNuclear Weapons Essay1533 Words   |  7 PagesNuclear weapons play a significant role in our understanding of international relations. As seen in the class lecture slides, states often embark on nuclear weapons programs to counterbalance the power of other states. This is particularly true for states such as China and Iran, who are trying to balance the power of the United States. States such as China, Russia, and the United States are all powerful international influences. This is partially due to the fact that they are a part of the UnitedRead MoreThe Sudan and Terrorism Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesand the international community in general, most especially the United States since their reign produced not only refugees but also terrorists. Conflict in Sudan made it ideal for it to become a haven of the breeding and training of terrorists. Today, Sudan is one of the seven count ries now referred as the State-Sponsored Terrorist List. This paper discusses the capability and power of the Arab Muslims with the leadership of el-Bashir in influencing and controlling the issue of terrorism not onlyRead MoreNuclear Weapons Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesExam 3 Nuclear weapons play a significant role in our understanding of international relations. As seen in the class lecture slides, states often embark on nuclear weapons programs to counterbalance the power of other states. This is particularly true for states such as China and Iran, who are trying to balance the power of the United States. States such as China, Russia, and the United States are all powerful international influences. This is partially due to the fact that they are a part of the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Food Production - 1164 Words

Introduction I am writing a report explaining the advantages and disadvantages of sustainable and conventional farming. I will also be explain how we could make the negatives turn to a positives. AS food production is going to be a lot harder in the further we need to find out which one is going to be the best at producing on a mass scale but working with the environment at the same time. Advantages of conventional farming: Conventional farming is the only way of feeding our overpopulated planet. The first advantage of conventional farming is they are the opposite to organic farming this means food can be produced cheaper quicker and sold to the consumer of the products a lot cheaper. The second advantage of conventional farming practices is a quick turnover of crop rotation. Another method conventional farmer’s use is they put fertiliser on their crops which gets a maximum yield out of their crops and puts fertility back into the ground for the plants to feed on. Dairy animals are push to produce a high milk count. Animals that are going for slaughter are fatten very intense so that they can be moved on faster and more animals can go through the same process. Conventional farming is mostly done on a large scale. Bio-security is at a minimum with conventional farming methods as wormers and medicines are used on cattle and sheep for example. With crops they are sprayed with herbicides and pesticides to keep and diseases away so farmers do not lost their crops. They alsoShow MoreRelatedAdvantages and Disadvantages of Organic Farming in the Pacific1522 Words   |  7 PagesPLAN Title: What are the advantages and disadvantages of organic farming to the Pacific Community? C: Organic Farming L: Pacific Community/Benefits D: What INTRODUCTION Context: Agriculture/Environment Subject: Organic Farming Limited Subject: Pacific Community/Benefits Issue: What are the advantages and disadvantages of organic farming to the Pacific Community? Thesis Statement: This essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of organic farming to the Pacific Community in terms of growersRead MoreGenetic Modification ( Gm )1619 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease and is expected to double within the next few years, the world’s demand for food and fibre has increased drastically. GM foods and fibres seem to be the only means for a solution to provide for the high demand in which we now face. (Agric.wa.gov.au, 2014) Many foods in Australia contain GMO’s including Cereals, non-organic dairy products, papayas, bread, rice, potatoes, corn and many more. Genetic modification of foods and fibres includes inserting genes from one organism into another. The purposeRead MoreGenetic Modification ( Gm )1501 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease and is expected to double within the next few years, the world’s demand for food and fibre has increased drastically. GM foods and fibres seem to be the only means for a solution to provide for the high demand in which we now face. (Agric.wa.gov.au, 2014) Many foods in Australia contain GMO’s including Cereals, non-organic dairy products, papayas, bread, rice, potatoes, corn and many more. Genetic modification of foods and fibres includes inserting genes from one organism into another. The purposeRead MoreHome-Style Cookies813 Words   |  4 Pagesvarieties of high-quality soft cookies with no preservatives added. The soft cookies mostly appeal to customers over 45 years old and to parents who have young children. The company has less than 200 employees, mostly blue-collar workers. The production process begins as soon as orders from distributors arrive. Furthermore, the ingredients needed for each type of cookie entered into a computer which determines the amount of each ingredient needed, according to the quantity of cookies ordered, andRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1294 Words   |  6 Pagescrop or food quality in a more efficient way. Some people argue that this technology will help those in the agricultural industry decrease the amount of wasted crops and foods (â€Å"27 Big†). According to the HRF there is a big debate about the use of genetically modified organisms and their use in food (â€Å"Pros and Cons†). There are many advantages and disadvantages to genetically modified organisms in food, but in my opinion, the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. There are many advantages to theRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures: Whole Foods1242 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Differentiating Between Market Structures Introduction Whole Foods Market is a superstore chain in Austin Texas that deals in natural and organic food products exclusively. The organization ranks among the most socially responsible organizations in the world, and the fourth placed in the US Environmental Protection Agency list. The trading organization exists within a market crowded with competitors from its area of operations, and those who offer contrary products to what it proposes. ThereforeRead MoreThe Impact of Automation on American Culture Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagesthese products include automobiles, refrigerators, dishwashers and videogame consoles like the Xbox 360 and the PlayStation 3. Today there are numerous industries applying automated manufacturing including the airline, automotive, mining, oil and food production industries (Vassar). An additional application of automation is called home automation. Home automation works by using advanced technology to control and do the jobs that people would normally do manually (Home automation, 2010). The bestRead MoreInternational Economic Dimensions Of Nutrition Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment Number: Second Lecturer: Dr. Keiron Audain Due date: 23rd December, 2016 Assignment Question: With a focus on food security, what are the pros and cons of free trade? Food security is defined as when all people at all times have access to safe nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life (FAO 2003). Therefore, the importance of food security is to the general welfare of the population as a public health and nutrition benefit. Free trade can be defined as a marketRead MoreVenezuela Food Security Speech : World Vision1225 Words   |  5 PagesVenezuela Food Security Speech World Vision is an international aid organisation and in my role for this organisation I have been assigned the country of Venezuela to work in partnership with the community to reduce food insecurity. I’ve investigated the challenges that have led to food insecurity in Venezuela and evaluated two possible methods for food security to be improved. Venezuela is located in Northern country of South America and has a total area of 916 445 square kilometres and hasRead MoreThere Have Been Ongoing Debates About The Adoption Of Gmos1487 Words   |  6 Pagesof GMOs over natural food growth. Out of these discussions, there is a rising need to do research on genetically modified food verses naturally grown food. According to (Mary Colson., 2017), Genetically Modified food can be defined as a growing plant or animal that is modified and grows not a normal, natural way. The growth of this plant, animal or microorganism is triggered by altering its genetic material. The genetic material is usually changed in a way that makes the food not to occur naturally

Pharmacy Medicine and Health

Question: Describe about the Medicine and Health for Pharmacy? Answer: 1. I want to learn more about dementia, that makes up a significant topic for pharmacy. Dementia is a progressive disorder affecting millions of people across the globe. Its interference with the functioning of the brain, especially the ability to think and use of reasoning ability makes it is a significant health problem. In 2014, it as estimated that around 850000 people had dementia in the United Kingdom. Out of these around 773, 502 people were of the age 65 and above. Patients suffering from dementia find it difficult to remember things happening in recent past. They are not able to follow conversations and have difficulty in remembering dates and time. They much much trouble in adjusting to the new environment or even minor changes in their daily activities. In the context of increasing prevalence of dementia among the older population, as a pharmacist, I feel I must have proper knowledge of dementia and the suitable drugs that can be used for treating dementia. Therefore, I ne ed to learn the pharmacological options along with the non-pharmacological options present for treating dementia. I need to learn the detection of dementia in an effective manner. I need to learn how to give moral support to such patients along with providing them with suitable medicines. 2. I feel this learning will be relevant to effective and safe practise of pharmacy. Regardless of the role, I am sure to come in contact with people with dementia, the family members of such patients and the carers. I must, therefore, administer safe and effective practise. By undertaking the learning, I would be able to give support services to the patients. Specific interventions would be provided by me due to the knowledge received from the learning, and that would be delivered according to the policies and guidelines. He learning would provide me a means to apply knowledge for delivering skilled practice. The information received will have a particular focus on the care for dementia and, therefore, will complement other resources that were available to me. The learning would be an awareness-raising and training tool for me in my future practice for practising safe pharmacy. By being able to recognise the suitable medication to be given, a safe environment would be provided to th e patients. I would be able to get directly involved in the pharmaceutical care of dementia patients. The appropriate understanding of the role of medication in treating dementia would help in delivering safe practice. 3. The rationale behind taking up this approach of learning is that it will be useful in my future practise. I think this learning will be useful in my future practise because it will be hep me to take effective care of the patients suffering from dementia. I have the understanding that a pharmacist has a vital in the management of this particular disease. A pharmacist can support the customers diagnosed with dementia in several ways along with those who may be at risk from the development of the disease. People with dementia who take multiple psychotropic drugs are a priority of multidisciplinary review, including pharmacy. This ensures that the continued use is suitable. All people having dementia and getting psychotropic drugs must have their review continued. Where benefits and not clear, gradual withdrawing is appropriate with monitoring of target symptoms. Pharmacy is a core part of multidisciplinary team. Full multidisciplinary team conducts review at least annually. Therefore , it is significant that I as pharmacists have proper knowledge of the treatment of dementia. The involvement of the pharmacists in the treatment of dementia is not limited to the supply of medicines. The clinical input from the pharmacists is of much significant in todays time. I can be employed as a consultant pharmacist to take up regular reviews of the medicines. The task assigned to me can be the reduction and discontinuation of inappropriate or unnecessary medication. 4. I have learnt some important information related to dementia with respect to the medical and non-medical interventions for the disease. The most significant aspect is that dementia is multifactorial. Even though pharmacological interventions are of much help, they are not sufficient to cure dementia completely. Other interventions may be needed to alongside pharmacological interventions to treat dementia in a holistic manner. People diagnosed with dementia have the problem of losing recent memories. Current options available for pharmacological therapy include the glutamine receptor antagonist Memantine and the acetylcholinestarase (AChE) inhibitors galantamine, donepezil and rivastigmine. The drugs act by improving the symptoms of the disease and delaying further decline. The acetylcholinesterase work by increasing the level of neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the patients neuronal synapses of the brain that prevents it breakdown. The glutamate receptor antagonist blocks the imp act of glutamate on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and reduces the calcium-induced cell death. Future treatments can target the development of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the brain for curing dementia. All the licensed medications available for dementia are made available to the patients as generics. However, there is much difficulty in administering drugs to the patients. It is very significant for pharmacists to remember that dementia patients have the tendency to forget things very easily. They find it very difficult to accept the changes brought about in a presentation of medicines, like tablet shape, size and confusion. They may have to go through confusion with identifying the proper medicine. This leads to non-adherence, deteriorating their condition to a great extent. 5. I would give an example of how the learning I have got can be applied to patient care in my future practise. People having dementia have to manage many drugs apart from other conditions. Therefore, the help provided by me as a specialist would be useful to a great extent. In addition of taking medicines of dementia, patients may be needing other drugs. For people having difficulty in remembering the medicines to be taken, managing medicines is a big issue. I would take referrals from different agencies, nurses, patients and social workers. i would help in giving holistic care to the patients. I would help the patients remembering the medicines that need to be taken by them for dementia. I would help the patients when a specific issue would be highlighted. I would hep in getting the issue resolved and take a holistic approach towards the patients needs and circumstances. The issues that would come into my attention would be prescription changes, ill packaging and difficulties with remembering the intake of drugs. Other problems happen when a patients memory loss and confusion means they are having difficulty in taking medicines in a correct manner. If patients are using non-prescription drugs, I can help them out so that they do not interfere with the prescribed medicines. 6. The benefits of such activities in my learning are immense. I would be keeping myself abreast of new developments in pharmacologic therapies and research regarding dementia. I would become a vital resource for the patients and improve the quality of life. A comprehensive understanding of the details of dementia and the different care approaches would be helpful in providing effective patient care. Empathy would be given to the patients, and possible contradictions would be avoided. Caring for a dementia patient would involve more than giving medications to the patients. By undertaking the above activities, my learning would be more enhanced, and I would be able to achieve progress in my field of pharmacy. My style of patient care would be changed, and I would be able to make a difference in the lives of people living with dementia. My role as a pharmacist in giving support to people with dementia will not limit to environemtn of physical pharmacy. I will get evolving opportunities to learn more about the concerned subject and apply them to the patient care practice. The patients I would care for would not suffer any medication misadventure and I would be able to deliver suitable medication management. Complex medication regime would be handled by with in an effective manner as result of my learning.

Obesity and Health Essay Sample free essay sample

Fleshiness is a status of a individual that has extra organic structure weight in the signifier of fat. Harmonizing to most of the surveies. an corpulent individual has a BMI of 25 or supra. The Body Mass Index or ( BMI ) is a figure that takes into histories non merely weight but height to bespeak organic structure fat. These are the persons that are at hazard of developing physical complaints such bosom failures. shot. shortness of breath. back hurting and the likes. These are damaging to wellness therefore. it increases mortality rate. Due to the tremendous addition of figure of corpulent people in the United States. this becomes a national heath issue. How can a individual become corpulent? What are the lending factors? One of the obvious factors is one’s cistrons. Fleshiness is familial. If a individual is genetically corpulent it is really hard to lose a batch of weight and maintain it off for good. We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity and Health Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this state of affairs. cutting off nutrient consumption. drugs. and exert entirely don’t solve fleshiness in long term weight loss. Obesity surgery like Gastric Banding. Vertical Banded Gastroplasty. Bariatric Surgery and others are the lone proven methods to let the badly and morbidly corpulent individual to make normal weight and keep it. Behavior is besides a factor to fleshiness. Due to discovery of engineering. there are things or appliances that made our life easier and faster and more convenient because they do the work for us. Peoples became lazy ; they have less exercising. less activity at work. Most of the clip people relied on fast nutrient bringings and about everyone seems to be acquiring heavier. In the article written by Arielle Bethlehem entitledObesity and Healthshe said that fast nutrient is frequently deemed the individual biggest ground Americans are overweight. † Environment can besides lend to fleshiness. The sort of communities an single belon gs. places. and workplaces can all act upon people’s wellness determinations. One’s calorie ingestion can find to his hereafter weight. Due to altering environment particularly in US. eating wonts and nutrient options has been broadened. Last there are some drugs that lead to deriving weight like steroids and improper usage of these drugs can do fleshiness. Some of the unwellnesss can besides lend to fleshiness. â€Å"Are medical research workers overemphasising the wellness hazards associated with being overweight† ?This is the subject I have chosen from the CQ Researchers Pro/Con nexus â€Å"Given that lasting weight loss is elusive for most fat people. the issue of fat and wellness is irrelevant. The lone true option available is to be every bit healthy as you can. regardless of your weight. ( Often times the wellness issue serves as a fume screen to warrant denying fat people their civil rights. The premise that fat people are unhealthy is frequently used to support favoritism in employment. educational chances. and lodging and acceptance privileges. Health issues should neer supplant one’s civil rights. ) The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance agreed to this statement. From â€Å"Dispelling Common Myths about Fat Persons. † adapted from stuff developed by Carrie Hemmenway. The cons represented by Michael Fumento said that â€Å"Since 1959. informations began to corroborate earlier intuitions that fleshiness is harmful. That’s when the first Build and Blood Pressure Study appeared. [ It ] found that. . . the fatter the individual. the more likely the individual was to decease prematurely. By the clip one reached 30 per centum over recommended weight. there was a 42 per centum greater opportunity of deceasing early. † I agree with National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance. Sing fat people is merely an ordinary scene to my mundane life and every clip that happens. I ever think that it is merely a affair of pick. They choose to be corpulent. However it can non be denied besides that they are being criticized and discriminated. Our society sets the criterions of how people should look like. The intension of being sexy is the skinny-modeled typed for a miss and a hunk-type with perfect for male childs. Subjects about. diet. fittingness. fleshiness. weight control and the likes which are ever discussed in magazines are being overused now. I’ve known so many fat people who have made legion attempts and exhausted 1000s of dollars throughout their lives merely to lose weight and each clip regained the lost lbs plus a few more. The world is that fleshiness is like a â€Å"yo-yo phenomenon† . It is truly difficult to accomplish a lasting weight loss. If this happen to person who is seekin g to lose weight adequate times they will be dying at the chance of losing weight for fright of deriving back more than you lose. Peoples who experienced things like this will be disappointed and go hopeless so they will halt and merely make what they want and this will truly do them genuinely happy. Though Michael Fumento is right of stating that fleshiness is damaging to wellness but a individual is the 1 doing a pick for their ain lives. They should non be pressured on what sort of form of organic structure they should possess. â€Å"The difference [ between fat and thin people ] is non between the weak and the strong or the unprompted and the abstemious. but between internal ( rather likely innate ) controls that are set otherwise in different people† quoted by Kelly D. Brownell in her book. ( TheDieters Dilemma: Eating Less and Weighing More. 1982 Fleshiness is a wellness is a job. That is a fact but anybody can get the better of it. It should get down of holding a end to achieve and believing in 1s. ego that we can accomplish our ends. Peoples should non lose weight for the ground that they are being pressured by the society and the people around. Peoples should make it because they chose to make it and they are happy making it. It is merely head over affair as cliche . Bibliographies: Bettelheim. A. ( 1999. January 15 ) . Obesity and wellness.CQ Researcher.9. 25-48. Retrieved December 9. 2007. from CQ Researcher Online. hypertext transfer protocol: //library. cqpress. com/cqresearcher/cqresrre1999011500 Kelly D. Brownel. lThe Dieters Dilemma: Eating Less and Weighing More( 1982 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www. medscape. com/viewarticle/559644_6 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/contributing_factors. htm

Ethical relativism concept

Ethical relativism concept Introduction The concept of ethical relativism outlines that ethical principles and actions are relative to social norms. Stated differently, proponents of ethical relativism argue that ethical principles may be â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong,† but this judgment is only relative to social norms (Welch 516).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical relativism concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The concept of ethical relativism developed from cultural diversity, to mean that there are significant differences between the moral judgments of different people. Indeed, there is a lot of variation regarding the etiquette, moral values, and principles of different cultural groups. Therefore, even though people often disagree about whether an issue is â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong,† ethical relativism suggests that nobody should assume that their perception of ethics is correct, or incorrect. Since ethical principles may be â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong,† ethical relativism suggests that there should be tolerance among people, even in the face of serious disagreements regarding ethical positions. Since cultures and people disagree, there is no single criterion for evaluating the truthfulness or falseness of an ethical practice. Without an acceptable criterion for evaluating ethical practices, varying views regarding ethical and moral positions prevail. The concept of ethical relativism has been the subject of business ethics for several years, but few scholars have provided a definite direction regarding its validity in business. This paper adopts a simplistic version of the debate and demonstrates that cultural diversity affirms a â€Å"relative† interpretation of moral principles and actions.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ethnocentrism Ethnocent rism is a product of the failure to acknowledge that different cultures have unique sets of beliefs and values (Mustafa Hamid 37). When people do not acknowledge that this diversity exists, they often tend to isolate people that are different from them. Usually, ethnocentric people believe that their beliefs and values are the â€Å"right† set of beliefs and values, whereas other people are wrong in believing what they do (Mustafa Hamid 37). Cultural ethnocentrism normally happens when people impose the beliefs and values of one culture as the superior set of beliefs and values. Cultural ethnocentrism is normally bad for business because it creates divisions within different groups, especially in a multicultural environment. Indeed, when a group of people who share the same beliefs, values, and norms come together and impose the same values on a different group of people, they are likely to cause friction between themselves and the new group. This friction is likely to limi t diversity in the organization, thereby also curtailing other advantages of diversity (such as innovation and creativity). Ethnocentrism is therefore a manifestation of the failure to acknowledge that if people’s unique sets of beliefs and values differ from the dominant culture, it does not mean that the cultural beliefs of minority cultures are wrong; it only means that they are different. This idea is also true for businesses because it is wrong to judge the ethical or moral principles of one group of people, based on their cultural affiliations (Mustafa Hamid 37).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical relativism concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lack of a Common Ethical or Moral framework The concept of cultural or ethical diversity stems from our philosophical understanding of the world and the moral guidelines that define our actions. The lack of a common framework for outlining our ethical o r moral actions are especially profound in this context because people are equal and there is no justifiable ground to show that there are better human beings than others. Since people have equal human rights and equal capacities to make their moral or ethical decisions, it is incorrect to judge their actions as â€Å"superior† or â€Å"inferior†. In other words, no common ethical or moral framework defines people’s moral or ethical actions. Instead, people develop varying sets of beliefs and values according to their social norms. There is therefore no justification to say that the moral or ethical direction of one group of people is â€Å"superior† or â€Å"inferior† to another. Similarly, it is unfair to require one group of people to follow the ethical or moral principles of another culture because there is no common framework to define what sets of ethical or moral principles are â€Å"correct† and which ones are â€Å"false† (We lch 516). Assuming that one set of ethical or moral principles is superior to another would only amount to promoting inequality between societies because such an action would be preferential and unfair to other people.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, in the Japanese culture, customers who pay for services often expect personalized service. It is therefore unusual for Japanese service providers to give services that do not meet a customer’s personal need. Comparatively, in the western world (mainly America and Europe) customers pay for personalized services as an â€Å"extra† service from the service provider. In America, for example, people have to give tips if they expect exemplary service. In such an environment, some service providers would consider it rude if a person receives a personalized service and fails to give a tip to the service provider. The difference between Japanese and American business practices only outline the tip of the iceberg regarding the differences in business norms and practices between different cultures. Another example may be the prevalence of kickbacks and bribery as a â€Å"normal† business practice in most third world countries. Indeed, in many of these countrie s, government officials require kickbacks or bribery for the approval of business contracts, or the awarding of the same. In some of these countries, people consider this practice as a norm by accepting it as an important business requirement for success. Comparatively, many western cultures consider bribery and kickbacks as unethical and immoral business practices. In fact, most western business entities consider this practice as â€Å"unusual†. The differences in these business practices show that the definition of ethical and moral business practices differ across cultures. Social conditioning and programming therefore define the way businesses operate across different cultures. Ethical and Moral Time Adjustments Ethics and morality in business have always been controversial. The development of ethics and morality describe a product of human development, which questions what is â€Å"good† and what is â€Å"right† (Holmes 2). This development arose from the e xpanded capacity of human reasoning that has defined human civilization for centuries. The controversial nature of ethics and morality however stems from the changing contextual frameworks that define both concepts (this analysis closely relates to the idea that there is no single framework for judging people’s morals or ethics). Indeed, just as societies have different frameworks for assessing the ethical or moral implications of their actions, it is equally important to acknowledge that these ethical and moral actions are also subject to time adjustments. Stated differently, morality and ethics are normally subject to time variations, because what people consider â€Å"morally right† today may not necessarily be â€Å"moral† tomorrow. Many examples show how morality and ethics have changed across human societies. For example, recently, the isolation of women in social, economic, and political developments was an acceptable practice in many societies (including Western societies). For example, the society sidelined women in the workplace because many people perceived women to be homemakers. However, as civilization crept into many societies and feminist movement started to be more vocal about this issue, gender discrimination has become a strange concept, not only in business, but also in other aspects of social, economic, and political development (Holmes 2). This analysis shows that morality often changes, not only within the context of cultural relativism, but also in the context of time adjustments. It is therefore naà ¯ve to assume that ethical and moral actions are fixed, or that one narrow lens of moral or ethical principles may judge human actions. Conclusion Even though the concept of moral relativism is disputable, the acknowledgement that moral and ethical principles vary, poses more advantages than disadvantages to people and businesses. For example, it is possible to reduce moral and ethical conflicts if people stop to under stand moral and ethical principles from a narrow lens of their moral or ethical understanding. Certainly, this paper affirms that ethics and morality are flexible concepts because they vary not only across different societies, but also across different periods. Therefore, there is no ultimate standard of â€Å"appropriate† or â€Å"inappropriate† moral or ethical principles because the opinions on morality or ethics depend on the cultural perspective of the society in question. Comprehensively, this means that there are no â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong† moral or ethical principles to guide business conduct. Consequently, this paper affirms that cultural diversity shows us that moral principles and actions are relative. Holmes, Robert. Basic Moral Philosophy, New York: Wadsworth Incorporated Fulfillment, 2006. Print. Mustafa, Hasrina Hamid Hamidah. â€Å"Intercultural Relationship, Prejudice and Ethnocentrism in a Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC): A Time-Series Experiment.† Asian Social Science, 8.3 (2012): 34-48. Print. Welch, Patrick. â€Å"Moral psychology and the problem of moral criteria.† Journal of  Moral Education, 40.4 (2011): 513-526. Print.

Giorgio Armani Fashion Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Giorgio Armani Fashion Brand - Essay Example The Company has been named after the designer, Giorgio Armani who happens to be its founder. The success gained by Armani since its establishment in 1975 reflects in the fact that in only about 3.5 decades, the Company has over 300 stores in 36 different countries of the world with a net worth of more than 3 billion Euros (Blue X Clothing, 2011). Despite the fact that Armani accessories are extremely popular among the elite, it has little customers from the lower and lower-middle class background. This paper aims at identifying a trend employing which, Armani can increase the sale of its accessories among the people from lower and lower-middle class background. An understanding of the Armani’s Brand Values and Image: The weight of brand values maintained by Armani can be estimated from the fact that they are based on the innovative designs and charismatic persona of the founder of Armani and Giorgio Armani has been recently entitled as the â€Å"most successful designer† of the world (Blue X Clothing, 2011). ... ope, Frank Martell made a speech in which he expressed his views about the brand value of Armani in these words: Giorgio Armani and Gucci topped ACNielsen’s Global ‘Most Coveted Fashion Brands’ ranking by scoring consistently high responses from online consumers in every part of the world - a remarkable testament to the power and universal appeal of these two luxury fashion brands †¦ Regardless of where they live, when consumers in Italy, China or UAE purchase a Gucci bag or a Giorgio Armani suit they are prepared to pay a premium because they are buying the image the brand represents. In Armani’s case, consumers know they are getting quality, sophistication and style – timeless values with global appeal. (Frank Martell cited in ACNielsen, 2006). The Armani Brand covers a total of five lines of luxury clothing with their own unique accessories including watches and colognes. The main collection of this Brand is the signature Giorgio Armani line which produces accessories for people aged between 35 and 50 years. Armani is the most profligate brand with respect to cost. It primarily caters for the needs of those people that want to buy gowns and outfits like the ones worn by the artists and celebrities of Hollywood when they walk on the red carpet. The largest of all Armani lines is Emporio Armani which produces accessories for young professionals that are somewhere from 25 to 35 years of age. Of all the lines of Armani, this one is the most popular among Armani’s clients. Accessories from the Emporio Armani line are accessible both online and at high end department stores. Needs of the high end clients are addressed by the Armani Collezioni. It includes such accessories as slim fitting outfits and handmade jumpers which are sold in extravagant Armani

Cocaine effects on a newborn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cocaine effects on a newborn - Essay Example Another risk is â€Å"placental abruption†, a premature separation of the placenta from the uterus wall which may cause excessive bleeding and death risk to both the mother and baby (â€Å"Cocaine Addiction and Pregnancy: Effects on Newborns†). Cocaine effect on newborns is serious. The pregnant woman’s use of cocaine can decrease the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the growing fetus. Cocaine-exposed babies have low birth weight, low Apgar score, shorter length and smaller head circumference than unexposed babies. These consequences can be a sign of future developmental delays and abnormalities. Babies from mothers using cocaine have greater possibility of being born prematurely. These babies experience breathing difficulties which may cause stroke even before birth or immediately after birth. Stroke can lead to the development of lifetime brain and developmental disorders (â€Å"Cocaine and Pregnancy†). newborns are often irritable, hyperactive, sleepless and have a low frustration tolerance, muscular stiffness, visual disturbances, low feeding and sucking abilities and sensory incapacities. There have been reported cases of loose bowels, vomiting, and seizure occurrences. A number of these problems may last for 2 to 2  ½ months after birth (â€Å"Cocaine and Pregnancy†). Cocaine-exposed newborns may go into deep sleep for longer than usual (Gorski). Pregnant mothers who uses cocaine for an extended duration may deliver babies that have birth defects and abnormalities in the face, brain, heart, eyes, limbs and muscles. Some babies may be born with intestinal, genitals and urinary problems (â€Å"Cocaine and Pregnancy†). When cocaine enters the placenta, it disturbs the circulation inside the fetus’ body. Cocaine stays in the body of the developing fetus for an extended duration. That is why evidences of cocaine can be found in the urine and hair

Monopoly versus perfect markets Essay Example for Free

Monopoly versus perfect markets Essay This paper investigates the two extremes of market structures. A monopoly firm, and a firm which operates in a perfectly competitive market. We will compare features, similarities, differences, advantages and disadvantages. The monopoly firm I have chosen is Thames Water. This company is an accurate example, as it’s the sole supplier of the industry. The firm, is the industry. Thames Water supply water through peoples taps in and around London. Fyffe is my chosen firm in a perfectly competitive market. I think this is a good example. It sells bananas to supermarkets and food suppliers, who resell on to customers. The next two paragraphs explain the features of perfect competition, then a monopoly. â€Å"The theory of perfect competition illustrates an extreme form of capitalism. † (Sloman, 2007:113) There are many suppliers, who all only supply and produce a small fraction of the total output, of the whole industry. None of the firms have any power over the market. (Mankiw, 2001) Barriers to entry do not exist. Therefore firms can enter and leave the market freely. Apart from the money and time it takes to set up the business, there are no other obstacles. Both producers and consumers have perfect knowledge of the market. Therefore they both know prices which should be paid, quality which should be met, availability of the product. Market opportunities for expansion, and entry opportunities in the industry as a whole. The price Fyffe must charge for their bananas will depend upon the demand and supply of the whole market, not just Fyffe personal demand. Hence they have no power over prices. They must follow the market forces. (Sloman, 2007)Established firms in the banana industry have no advantage over firms who have newly entered the market. (Parkin, Powell, Matthews)â€Å"This means they can sell all the products they can produce at the market price, but none at a price which is higher. † (Sloman, 2007:114) If Fyffe raise their selling price above p1, their demand will drop to 0, because if Fyffe raise the price of their bananas, consumers will just buy from another firm selling at the current market price. Illustrated in diagram 2. (Beardshaw, 2001) All firms operating in the banana industry sell a homogenous product, all the firms in the industry sell an identical banana. The theory states there is not a great need for advertising or branding. (McConnell, 2008) I would agree with this statement in the context of bananas. Advertising is not needed as people will not look for a specific brand of banana. They all taste the same. However I think a firm in a market selling shampoos and conditioners would need a certain amount of branding and advertising so people choose their product and gain customer loyalty. In the shampoo industry products are not as homogenous. A pure monopoly owns 100% of the industry. Thames water have a great deal of power, and are price makers, thus they set the price to how much they want to charge. If the consumer cannot, or doesn’t want to pay the price, they have to go without the tap water. In the short run both perfect competition and monopolies can make economic profits, losses and supernormal profits. Only monopolies can manage to sustain super normal profits in the long run. â€Å"Persistant economic profits are called monopoly profits. † (Dobson, 2005:99) Monopolies can sustain supernormal profits and remain safe and unaffected by competition due to barriers to entry. Supply to the industry does not increase with new entrants. (Hunt, 1990). There are many types of barriers to entry. Thames water is known as a natural monopoly, meaning there are barriers to entry due to large economies of scale. (Sloman, 2007) Capital equipment is so expensive and large scale that only one sole supplier could manage to make a profit in the water industry. However Thames Water incurred low marginal costs once they are set up. â€Å"If average cost falls as output increases over the entire range of market demand its a natural monopoly. † (Dobson, 2006:100) â€Å"Each would have a very high average cost at a low output. † (Begg, 2005:134) Correspondingly Thames Water gain barriers to entry through lower costs. This is an artificial barrier. The firm is experienced in their field. Has good knowledge of their market, and will be able to gain the best rates of interest on finance, the best suppliers at the lowest costs, and lean methods of production. Other firms would struggle to compete. If a firm decided to set up and compete with Thames Water, and failed by going out of business there would be huge sunk costs. This occurs when high amounts are spent on capital expenditure, which cannot be used on another business venture. (Sloman, 2007) This is an example of exit costs. It would be a huge loss to the firm, and would discourage firms from entering the market. Thames water also have patents copywrite and licensing. The next two paragraphs explain the effect on demand for perfect competition, then a monopoly. For Fyffe the price charged for the bananas is equal to marginal revenue. Average revenue and demand are also equal to price. If average cost dips below average revenue the firm will earn supernormal profits. If demand is above where marginal costs and marginal revenue meet the firms will be making normal profit. See diagram 2. Normal profits cover opportunity costs of the owners money and time. If Fyffe set output below equilibrium marginal cost would exceed marginal revenue and profit would be lowered. If Fyffe raised output above equilibrium marginal costs would exceed marginal revenue and profits would also be lowered. See graph 1. (Dobson, 2005:99) The demand curve is elastic for the banana industry, but not perfectly elastic. Hence why it slopes downwards in diagram 1. If there is a rise in price for bananas, consumers will spend less on the product, and Fyffe will entail a fall in revenue. In contrast if the price of bananas drop, consumers will buy more of the product, and providing the firm is covering their costs they will receive an increase in revenue, because bananas can be relatively easily substituted by another cheaper fruit. Furthermore bananas will sell for a cheaper price when they are in season, due to a larger supply to the market in this period. Fyffe is perfectly elastic which is why their demand curve is horizontal. See graph 2. The firms prices are not affected by their output and their decisions do not affect the industry. (Ison, 2007) Firms must produce at equilibrium to maximise profits, which is where the market supply, meets the market demand, as illustrated in diagram 1. Short run â€Å"assumes the number of firms in the industry does not increase, as there is not enough time. † (Sloman 2007:114) When a firm produces quantity and price, where marginal costs, and average costs meet they are breaking even. See diagram 2. (Begg, 2005) Consumers are charged a price which is equal to what it costs the firm to produce the extra unit. See diagram 2. If the demand curve for bananas increases short term, the demand curve will shift to the right. See diagram 3. This results in a higher equilibrium and a higher selling price. As selling price has increased farmers will raise their output by increasing their variable costs such as labour and materials. This will result in a larger profit and profits are maximised. As illustrated in diagram 4. In contrast if the demand for bananas was to decrease, this would cause a shift to the left in the demand curve. See diagram 5. This results in a lower equilibrium for the industry, and a fall in the selling price. Consequently all firms in the industry including Fyffe would reduce output, by decreasing variable factors and the firm would suffer economic losses. As illustrated in diagram 6. (Dobson, 2005) If Fyffe or Thames Water are not covering their average total costs in the short run, they should carry on trading, but if they are not covering their short run average variable costs, it would be cheaper to temporarily close down. The theory is known as the short run supply decision. (Ison, 2007) In the long run any firm should close down if it is not covering its total average costs as it is loss making. Called the long run supply decision. (Begg, 2003) When demand increases and selling prices rise in the long term, existing firms are making supernormal profits. Several new firms will enter the market. The supply curve will shift to the right, and supply will increase, which will lower market price. As more new industries join firms reduce their output until they are making a normal profit again. Output of the whole industry will be larger now that more firms are in the market, and there is no incentive for firms to enter, or leave the market as breakeven profits are being made. Referred to as the entry or exit price. When there is a decrease in demand, prices will fall, and firms will reduce output to minimise losses. Eventually due to losses some firms will leave the market which lessens supply and the supply curve will shift to the left. This raises prices due to restricted output, and farmers will start to make normal profits again. So there are less firms and less output in the industry. (Dobson, 2005) In the long run there are no fixed costs in any industry, as firms can change their plant size or machinery. Resulting in a long run supply curve which is flatter than the short run. (Begg, 2003) If all firms operating in the industry restricted supply together increasing demand and prices, new firms would enter the market which would increase supply and lower prices. (Begg, 2005) Thames water are price inelastic, and have a low income elasticity of demand, because there are no close substitutes for their product, and water is a essential item. However they are not perfectly inelastic, as a rise in price will still amount to a small drop in quantity demanded. This means Thames water’s revenue will increase with a rise in price, and decrease with a fall in price. A profit maximising level of output is where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost but rising up to the demand curve to obtain price. See diagram 9 (Sloman, 2007) The demand curve in diagram 9 represents the value of Thames water to customers, and the marginal curve shows the costs Thames water must pay. The marginal revenue curve must lie below the downward sloping demand curve as marginal revenue is less than price. The further the distance between the demand curve on the right hand side and the marginal revenue on the left the more inelastic the demand, see diagram 9. (Dobson, 2005) ) A firm cannot produce to the right of marginal revenue as this part of the diagram is inelastic. In order for the monopolist to sell a larger amount, the price must be lowered on all previous units, so to prevent this the monopolist may restrict output to keep a larger revenue. Creating scarcity and raising the equilibrium price. (Begg, 2005) â€Å"The excess of price over marginal costs shows the monopolies power† (Dobson, 2005:102) The power to raise prices by selling a smaller amount of output. Diagrams 8, 9, and 10 show long run economic profits, normal profits and losses. Thames water will then check weather the profit maximising level of output covers their total costs in the long run and variable costs in the short run. (Begg, 2003) Thames water is not a contestable market due to the fact it’s a natural monopoly, and has very high barriers to entry. This means they can charge high prices and make supernormal profits, without the threat of competition and new entrants. (Sloman, 2007) Thames water may want to behave ethically when setting prices. If they choose too high a price which people cannot afford this could lead to poverty, but if they charge too low a price this could lead to a wastage of water. Monopolies often use price discrimination when setting prices. Although Thames water do not. Perfect competition cannot use this method. Particular consumers are charged a higher price for an identical service so the monopoly can earn higher profits. (Ison, 2007) Revenue is not lost from previously sold units when price is reduced. More output can be sold ands firms can catch some of their consumer surpluses. See diagram 12. â€Å"Surpluses are the difference between actual price paid and what consumers will have been willing to pay. † â€Å"So the business is treating the demand curve as the marginal revenue curve† (Ison, 2007:138) Only works when consumers cannot buy the product for a cheaper price and sell on to others. (Begg, 2005) A firm operating in perfect competition will achieve allocative efficiency. This exists when price is equal to marginal costs. â€Å" Society is better off when resources are allocated to maximise the total surplus in the market. † (Dobson, 2005:91) Productive efficiency will also be achieved, meaning Fyffe will produce and sell their output for the lowest price they can in the long run giving consumers the best possible value for money. â€Å"Price equals minimum average total cost. † (Dobson, 2005:92) This is good for consumers and society as consumers get the best possible value for money. (Sloman, 2007) Perfectly competitive markets are critised for having a lack of variety, unable to fully satisfy consumers wants and needs. Furthermore the long term entry and exit of firms can be a waste of certain resources such as empty buildings. This is called competitive forces in action. (Dobson, 2005) Monopoly’s are in a position to give us a lower price if they decide to, due to economies of scale. The marginal cost curve is lower than the supply curve in their graph which means the firm can supply more output at a lower production cost. Supernormal profits can fund research and development which will improve the quality of the product. Therefore the monopoly can innovate and introduce new products. (Ison, 2007) However some firms may not do this as they do not need to fight to stay in the industry, with no competition around. (Mankiw, 2001) Joseph Schumpeter said in theory monopolies have more ability and incentive to innovate which can make them better for society. If you imagine a whole industry was taken over by a monopolist, they could eliminate competition and charge very high prices, by reducing output level to which raises price. Supernormal profits represent a redistribution of income from consumer to producer which can be critised on equity grounds† (Ison, 2007:137) Monopoly firms have been known to â€Å"engage in dirty tricks to protect themselves from competition. † They do not produce an output which minimises average costs. Making them productively efficient. â€Å"Perfect competition is rare due to larger companies expanding, gaining economies of scale and market power. Resulting in other firms being forced of the business. So if economies of scale did not exist any industry could have perfect competition. † (Dobson, 2006:94) Monopolies are also rare, and both are extremes of market structures. Most firms lie somewhere between the two. I think the two firms I picked are a fair comparism. They are both from a mixed economy. Thames water will have regulating agencies monitoring them. There are only 3 legal monopolies in Britain Thames Water included. In the past there was a significant amount of monopolies which were government owned. When Margaret Thatcher came into power she privitised these firms as she believed competition would lead to greater efficiency and lower prices which would benefit society as a whole. I agree with her decision and I think after researching, perfect competition appears to be the better option for consumers. Monopolys benefit society in certain situations such as retained profits ploughed back into research and development for medical reasons, and natural monopolies who could not survive in a perfectly competitive industry. Monoplies and perfect competition are becoming more rare as time goes on and who knows what will happen in the future.

Exemplification Essay: Welfare, A Vicious Circle -- Expository Exempli

  Ã‚  Ã‚   It's Diana's turn at the tiny glass window. Her face burns red with shame as she is handed her monthly check. Two small children tug at her dress, their stomachs growling from a day without food. She looks down at her two children, her face filled with pain and guilt. What had happened to their happy life? With just the stroke of the pen across a divorce decree, Diana and her children were thrust into the humiliation of the welfare line. For two years now, Diana has tried to get back on her feet, but with only a high school diploma, she can't find a job to support her family. Getting a college degree is her only way out, but her check isn't enough to afford daycare, so she's stuck accepting welfare.    This is not an uncommon scenario. Most people on welfare are looking for a way to rejoin the American work force; yet, society's stereotype of a welfare recipient is consistently that of a lazy, immoral woman who continues to have children out of wedlock just to increase her welfare benefits. This image could not be further from the truth; most single mothers who turn to welfare do so for the purpose it was originally created for: to be a temporary safety net for those trying to get back on their feet after a job loss or tragedy. Though welfare is supposed to be a temporary source of help, once the woman begins to receive her benefits, she has actually trapped herself in a vicious cycle of poverty, and while the U.S. government takes credit for providing budget money to help thousands of people regain their positions in American society through welfare programs, it actually robs them of their dignity and self-determination. Not only that, but this system, ostensibly devis ed to uplift women and chil... ...rs in the system, there will never be any hope for those on welfare to get off. The welfare program has turned into a vicious circle that traps the recipient, namely single mothers, into a cycle of poverty. But before we can change anything politically or economically about the welfare system, we must first re-evaluate our beliefs and prejudices against those who did not ask to be put in this situation is the first place.    Works Cited Abramovitz, Mimi, and Frances Piven. "What's Wrong With Welfare Reform?" The New York Times 2 Sept. 2001: A23. Buchsbaum, Gerbert. "The Welfare Debate." Scholastic Update 11 Mar. 1999: 6-8. DeParle, Jason. "The Entitlement Trap." The New York Times 27 Jan. 1994: A12 Lavelle, Avis. "Welfare: Means to an End?" Essence Apr. 1998: 124 Peart, Karen. "Life On Welfare." Scholastic Update 11 Mar. 1994: 9-10.

Arthur Miller’s Essay

The first point I noted was when Alfieri said: â€Å"A lawyer means the law, and in Sicily, from where their fathers came, the law has not been a friendly idea since the Greeks were beaten† This suggests that before Christ and Christianity, the law was quite sloppy, and people could get away with crimes, but since the spread of Catholicism and ‘An eye for an eye†¦ ‘, people have been scared to cross the law since people have the right to exact revenge, without scorn from the community, and it worked because people knew that felonies could result in death, they stop committing them. A very important point is where Alfieri is talking about men in the Mafia who were shot by thugs from other ‘families’, and refers to those men as ‘justly shot by unjust men’ which means that those men deserved to die, yet they shouldn’t, in the eyes of the American Judicial System, be killed without trial, that being one of the Amendments of The Constitution. Perhaps the most important occurrence when dealing with this category is the prefiguration about Vinnie Bolzano (which has been previously mentioned), because it serves as a prefiguration about what happens when someone breaks the Code of Conduct, with regards to immigrants. The next type of tension is about Eddie as a sympathetic character. Miller wanted the audience to feel sympathetic for Eddie and does this by creating a sense of emotional involvement with Eddie, which forms a certain sense of empathy with Eddie, and a sorrow which implants a sorrow due to Eddie’s fate. This type of tension is similar to climatic tension except it creates an apprehensive mood in the audience’s mind. Because this is in place early on, it is easier for the reader to justify Eddie’s actions and then empathise with him. In Arthur Miller’s view, Eddie â€Å"posses or exemplifies the wondrous and human fact that he too can be driven to what in the last analysis is a sacrifice of himself for his conception, however misguided or right, dignity and justice. † This to me provokes real empathy because it is very difficult to sacrifice for your beliefs, and for what behaviour he displays, he deserves so much more respect that he is given. Alfieri, upon meeting Eddie, described Eddie as having ‘eyes like tunnels’ which suggests that he is in a trance like state, and he has probably given way to his emotions, which is not necessarily his fault, it may be that he is emotionally unstable, and insecure, it may be that he is suffering from stress, which makes him less mentally adept, but whatever he is, he should not, in this situation, be held accountable for his actions. Early on in the play, with Eddie’s conversation between Catherine & Beatrice, a lot of Eddie’s gentle and more compassionate side is exposed when Catherine wants to work, Eddie wants her to stay in school, but she protests: Eddie: You wanna go to work, heh, Madonna? Catherine: Yeah Eddie: Alright, go to work. This shows Eddie’s compassionate side, because he gives in to Catherine’s demands, even though it is against his will, he does it because it is in Catherine’s interest. Another moment where Miller shows Eddie’s consideration for Catherine is the moment where she lights the cigar, and almost burns herself: Catherine: Here! I’ll light it for you! Don’t worry about me Eddie, heh? Eddie: Don’t burn yourself. (Just in time she blows out match) This shows Catherine’s naivety, and perhaps her inability to function independently without Eddie, and how much he cares for her. She soon forgets this when she encounters Rodolfo, and Eddie feels displaced by him, like he is no longer needed, and for this reason, I think his goal becomes to have Rodolfo deported. But only because Catherine completely ignores him, and feels she is independent, when clearly, she is not. The last kind of tension is emotional tension. This is the disarray that begins due to the introduction of a stranger into this family, and continues due to Rodolfo’s unusual behaviour, Eddie’s emotional insecurities, Catherine’s naivety and Beatrice’s selfishness plunge them into. Due to analysis, I have come to realise that there is a vicious emotional cycle in place that erodes the already fragile relationship these characters share. Here is a diagram and an explanation: Catherine and Rodolfo take Beatrice’s advice. They become closer, get more intimate. They start to ignore Eddie’s opinion more. Catherine starts to become less nai ve, more aware, much to Eddie’s disapproval. Next Catherine and Rodolfo’s actions make Eddie more irate. He becomes more hypnotised by rage. He is more desperate to separate Catherine and Rodolfo. He feels displaced, like Catherine is bestowing all her affection on Rodolfo. He starts to ignore Beatrice and begins to focus solely on Rodolfo’s expulsion. Then Beatrice is annoyed by Eddie. She feels he is not attentive enough. She feels displace by Catherine and becomes even more jealous of the attention she receives. She encourages Catherine to become more independent and intimate with Rodolfo in the hope that she, with Rodolfo, moves out leaving Eddie to pay Beatrice more attention. This continues to occur, and destabilises this very dysfunctional family, with each party becoming more bitter and resentful to the others. It changes slightly so that Beatrice almost sides with Catherine and Rodolfo, I think purely for selfish reasons, as she has the most to gain from Catherine’s absence. In the end, I think is no one person’s fault. I think it is the fault of all three parties. Catherine, because she is to nai ve to know what she is doing, and cannot see through Beatrice’s advice, Eddie for being too overprotective and getting too involved, and Beatrice, for wanting Catherine gone for all the wrong reasons. With all this, I think it is all the deceit and selfish motivation that accompanies a dysfunctional family that sees the Carbone family on their knees. In conclusion, Arthur Miller uses many types of tension in his play ‘A View From The Bridge’: climatic tension, dedicated to keeping the middle unknown; tension of discovery, to keep the play fresh with plenty of plot twists, and to keep the character’s personas mysterious, the Sicilian Code of Conduct to keep the play within the same era, and to put his knowledge to good use, Eddie as a sympathetic character to keep the audience engrossed and to exploit one of the most fascinating human traits, and the triangular relationship between Eddie, Catherine and Rodolfo and Beatrice to show how easily a nuclear family can be dissolved by the introduction of a stranger who is welcomed with mixed opinions, much like a specie from a different ecosystem being introduced to a new one. Interestingly, with regard to the opinions, each member of the family represents a different opinion; Eddie represents the negative extremity (by wanting Rodolfo gone), Catherine the positive extremity (wanting to marry Rodolfo), and Beatrice who is neutral (doesn’t mind, just wants Catherine gone). All these kinds of tension help to portray what happens when strangers enter a close-knit family which has mixed opinions, and that when pushed hard enough, people will forgo almost anything to protect their loved ones; their beliefs, their life, even if it really is all for the sake of self justified pride and dignity. To summarise it in one sentence, it basically says, â€Å"Welcome to the human condition. † Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Movie Review Movie - 1301 Words

Movie Review The story follows a precinct of the Port Authority police on what was to be a regular shift on September 11, 2001. While patrolling the Port Authority Bus Terminal, John and Will saw a plane flying low. The officers are called back to the station where they see on TV, the North Tower of the World Trade Center has been hit by a plane. Sergeant McLoughlin assigns officers to assist in the evacuation of the South Tower. The officers board a Metropolitan Transit bus. On the way to the World Trade Center, the officers hear reports the South Tower has been hit. Once at the World Trade Center, they see the disaster, first victims laying on the streets and others jump from the towers to escape but dying in the process. Sergeant John asks for volunteers to enter the towers to find safety equipment and begin evacuation. Jimeno, Dominick and Antonio volunteer. Another officer informs them the Pentagon has been hit and a second plane hit the South Tower. As the group prepares to enter the North Tower, John hears the rumbling and realizes the Tower is collapsing and yells, â€Å"Run!† They all run for the elevator shaft, since it is the strongest part of the building. Chris falls and can’t get up in time. Rodrigues also does not get in the shaft. John, Jimeno and Pezzulo get in the shaft but a crushed and trapped under the rubble. John calls out to his men, Jimeno and Pezzulo answer. Pezzulo frees himself and tries to free Jimeno, who’s still trapped. John is alsoShow MoreRelatedMovie Review : Easy Rider1600 Words   |  7 Pagesof television in order for films to compete with television, movies needed more than a new shape and new sound; they needed to present material that could not be found on the small screen. 1968 was a pivotal year in American history. 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